Procedure Of Learning Four Symposiums †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Procedure Of Learning Four Symposiums. Answer: Critique: In this paper there is a discussion of about four symposiums, which shows a procedure of learning from the existing reports. The formation of the interventions in group based strategies and the evidence of the ideas for the advancements in the treatment are done through the reminiscence therapy. This article clearly states the assessment of developments in randomized controlled trials and meetings. The symposium brings American, Dutch, Spanish, and Canadian specialists together, who are individuals from the International Institute for Reminiscence and Life Review. Evaluation After reading this paper I can suggest that when the reminiscence is being conducted by the elderly person, it is a normal response to ageing that stimulates the growth of a person. It can be said that reminiscence is a common and effective intervention that is used for the people with dementia, which develops the self evaluation power of a person. Summary: This paper is a report of an investigation of the idea of reminiscence in dementia and its utilization. No single meaning of memory exists in social insurance writing; in any case, definitions offered have comparable segments. The term life audit is regularly utilized while talking about memory; be that as it may, the two terms are very extraordinary in their objectives, hypothesis base and substance. The predecessors of memory are age, life changes, capacity to focus, capacity to review, capacity to vocalize and upsetting circumstances. This paper is a report of an investigation of the idea of memory in dementia and features its uses as a remedial intercession utilized on people with dementia. The term life survey is normally utilized while talking about memory. This idea examination recognized memory as a procedure which happens in stages, including the reviewing of early life occasions and association between people. The forerunners of memory are age, life advances, capacity to focus, capacity to review, capacity to vocalize and upsetting circumstances. Memory can prompt positive emotional wellness, upgraded confidence and enhanced relational abilities. It additionally encourages arrangement for death, expands collaboration between individuals, plans for the future and assesses a past life. Memory treatment is utilized widely in dementia care and confirmation indicates when utilized viably it enables people to hold a feeling of self-esteem, character and singularity. Critique: According to my opinion this idea work was a piece of a randomized controlled trial, titled: The" DementiA instruction program joining REminiscence for Staff (DARES)" which tried to assess the viability of an organized memory based training program for mind staff on the personal satisfaction of occupants with dementia in long-stay units. The point of the investigation that is described in this article is properly described teh ways to distinguish memory, recognize its characteristics and outcomes with a specific end goal to add to comprehension and assessing its utilization as a psychosocial intercession in dementia mind utilizing Rodgers (2000) developmental way to deal with idea examination. The author had chosen the dates from 1990 2010 for this study. The search was constrained further too full content and insightful (peer explored) diaries, and chose to have references accessible and writing in the English dialect. The extra catchphrases of 'treatment' and 'dementia' were utilized with the 'and' and 'or' Boolean operands, which centred the pursuit, bringing about 108 references. Moreover an incremental hunt was directed where the reference arrangements of recovered paper reports from these information sources were analyzed for extra important writing. Articles were chosen by two techniques: (1) by title hunt and (2) by perusing all modified works for importance to the idea being dissected. Applicable articles were then chosen and read completely. Rodgers (2000) battles that 20% of the aggregate recovered writing seek is important to encourage a dependable idea examination. From the 108 chose papers an example of 45 were held for in depth examination of the idea of me mory, subsequently clinging to Rodgers' rules. Evaluation: Successful maturing has been for quite some time related with a procedure known as memory. Research recommends that memory, particularly when led by the elderly, is a typical and all inclusive adjustment reaction to maturing which animates self-awareness. Reminiscence is a typical, viable and deliberate psychosocial mediation utilized with people with dementia which grants intrapersonal self assessment and cultivates relational connections and confidence, while also fortifying one's own feeling of skill and prosperity. While nobody definition exists of what memory is, an operational definition is proposed in light of breaking down the idea of memory with the reason for building up the idea of memory in dementia care. Client reminiscence Jenn Marshall shares about her first hyper scene in 2006 which handled her in the mental healing center and later brought about an analysis of Type 1 Bipolar Disorder and constrained her to resign from her activity. This place her into profound misery and nervousness as she had felt that she had lost her personality. Jenn would encounter three more hyper scenes and hospitalizations, all while being off of her solution and denied of rest, two of which were related with attempting to ensure her kids. She shares what a hyper scene closely resembles and what her treatment design is. Jenn shares how after she started to control her side effects she swung to blogging as an approach to impart to different mothers that the they also could understand their fantasies of having a family, even with bipolar turmoil. She explains why she composed just under the pen name Mom Life for quite a long while and how it felt to first ascribe her genuine name to an article she distributed. She shares the m otivation for the non-benefit she helped to establish called This is My Brave which has appears the nation over, giving a phase to those agony from psychological maladjustment to express their story through workmanship and narrating. Jenn likewise presents 3 proposals on how somebody battling with dysfunctional behavior can deal with what they are experiencing and have seek after their future. Journal entry Every new day comes with a new thing. Some days it's anything but difficult to simply continue skimming, others, contemplations begin to surge in and drifting isn't so natural any longer. Here and there I ponder what it resembles to be another person, somebody with a cerebrum that isn't lit up with flashes of red and yellow. What it resembles not to think so profoundly, to be hauled all through profound conditions of feeling, all relying upon what number the hand on the clock is floating above. I wouldn't change myself on the off chance that I was given the possibility. In any case, it doesn't imply that I don't once in a while think on the off chance that I were unique, things would be less demanding. That I wouldn't need to stress over slipping into a profound discouragement or making rash moves amid an attack of insanity. Some days it feels like i'm battling a ceaseless daunting struggle. Some days it has a craving for nothing can stop me. Everyday life would be less demanding without having confusion. However, I consider on the grounds that how my mind is fabricated, I am my identity. I appreciate my alone time, yet at the same time require the organization of friends and family. Most evenings I want to remain in my stay with lowlights, others i'd rather be out blurring into brilliant lights and uproarious commotions. I cherish workmanship, yet am awful at math. I don't simply survive minutes, I experience and relish them. I see excellence where others don't. I see brokenness in others and attempt to relate their pieces to my own. I think I see things, believe things, and cherish things diversely due to my turmoil. We as a whole do things that are somewhat 'insane' in some cases. So for what reason does the word go up against another importance when it is connected to somebody named with a psychological maladjustment? For what reason do individuals still toss a sweeping term like 'insane' or 'mental' over the a wide range of sorts of sicknesses and neglect to recognize the major contrasts between them. I realize that there are individuals that take a gander at me distinctively since I opened up about having bipolar confusion and shared my breakdown. These are the general population that didn't set aside the opportunity to tune in and endeavour to comprehend what I was stating. Who utilized a heuristic rather than attempted to find out about bipolar issue. The ones who wound up plainly perplexed or passed judgment on me due to a disgrace. I couldn't care less what these individuals think and i'm in an ideal situation without them. In any case, despite everything it baffles me that I must be misconstrued as a result of absence of eagerness to tune in. But since there are individuals like them, I am ready to value the individuals who dislike them all the more. In case you're perusing this, that implies I value you for tuning in and being open. The world is so frightful and watched of things that are diverse that occasionally we lose our capacity to relate as people. As I sit at an unstable table at an eccentric neighbourhood bistro, I glance around at the general population around me. They show up uniquely in contrast to the surges of almost incongruous individuals I am encompassed by on grounds. It influences me to think how we as a whole meet up in various courses, in various spaces; where we feel alike, where we feel safe. Regardless of how extraordinary we feel, there are dependably other people who feel the same. And keeping in mind that we are obviously only one of a kind to ourselves, we are not that not quite the same as those alongside us. We as a whole offer a consistent idea, the thing that keeps us human. The component that can't be recreated through innovation, that can't be clarified through science. I trust your reality never shuts off in light of the fact that the world closes you out for your disparities. I trust you never feel embarrassed about the bits of you that don't fit in with the lion's share. I trust your reality is hotter and brighter in light of the fact that you will be you and you realize that nobody can change that. We're every one of the somewhat 'insane' and hence, the world continues to spin. Themes Jenn Marshall shares about her first hyper scene in 2006 which handled her in the mental healing center and later brought about an analysis of Type 1 Bipolar Disorder and constrained her to resign from her activity. This place her into profound misery and nervousness as she had felt that she had lost her personality. Jenn would encounter three more hyper scenes and hospitalizations, all while being off of her solution and denied of rest, two of which were related with attempting to ensure her kids. She shares what a hyper scene closely resembles and what her treatment design is. Jenn shares how after she started to control her side effects she swung to blogging as an approach to impart to different mothers that the they also could understand their fantasies of having a family, even with bipolar turmoil. She explains why she composed just under the pen name Mom Life for quite a long while and how it felt to first ascribe her genuine name to an article she distributed. She shares the m otivation for the non-benefit she helped to establish called This is My Brave which has appears the nation over, giving a phase to those agony from psychological maladjustment to express their story through workmanship and narrating. Jenn likewise presents 3 proposals on how somebody battling with dysfunctional behavior can deal with what they are experiencing and have seek after their future. Jenn Marshall shares about her first hyper scene in 2006 which handled her in the mental healing center and later brought about an analysis of Type 1 Bipolar Disorder and constrained her to resign from her activity. Jenn would encounter three more hyper scenes and hospitalizations, all while being off of her solution and denied of rest, two of which were related with attempting to ensure her kids. She shares what a hyper scene closely resembles and what her treatment design is. Jenn shares how after she started to control her side effects she swung to blogging as an approach to impart to different mothers that the they also could understand their fantasies of having a family, even with bipolar disorder. She shares the motivation for the non-profit organization she helped to establish called This is My Brave which has appears the nation over, giving a phase to that agony from psychological maladjustment to express their story through workmanship and narrating. Jenn likewise presents 3 proposals on how somebody battling with dysfunctional behaviour can deal with what they are experiencing and have sought after their future. Theme When you were growing up did your folks presume that anything wasn't right with you? Growing up both my folks and I understood there wasn't something very right. I was determined to have nervousness in my initial high school years and gloom and self-hurt propensities when I turned 16. How did living with bipolar as a young lady influence your connections? Some of my most stressed connections were a consequence of my untreated Bipolar Disorder. I have to claim up for the choices and moves I have made, yet we realize that this issue caused a great deal of issues between me, my kin, my family and my companions. Would you be able to name some particular enhancements to your personal satisfaction after your underlying finding and treatment? Since being analyzed, I have a superior comprehension of what is happening. When I have an awful depressive day, I comprehend why. That encourages me manage it and offers a feeling of expectation since I realize what it is, the reason it is occurring and that it won't keep going forever. What might you say to guys in regards to looking for help for bipolar confusion? My recommendation would be the same for everybody. In the event that you have a craving for something isn't right, address a restorative expert as quickly as time permits. There are emergency focuses and telephone help lines accessible to help you day in and day out. References Aznar, A., Tenenbaum, H. R. (2013). Spanish parents' emotion talk and their children's understanding of emotion. Frontiers in psychology, 4. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00670/full Blake, M., Mitchell, G. (2016). Horticultural therapy in dementia care: a literature review.Nursing Standard,30(21), 41-47. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26786461 Brinker, J. K. (2013). Rumination and reminiscence in older adults: implications for clinical practice.European Journal of Ageing,10(3), 223-227. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5549128/ Chair:, Westerhof, G. J., Discussant:, Webster, J. D. (2017). INNOVATIONS IN INTERVENTIONS FOR REMINISCENCE AND LIFE REVIEW. Innovation in Aging, 1(suppl_1),746-746.https://academic.oup.com/innovateage/article/doi/10.1093/geroni/igx004.2693/3899709/INNOVATIONS-IN-INTERVENTIONS-FOR-REMINISCENCE-AND Chang, H., Chien, H. W. (2017). Effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for people living with dementia in a day care centers in Taiwan.Dementia, 1471301217725185. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28835118 Cytryn, L. (2013). Recognition of childhood depression: Personal reminiscences. Journal of affective disorders, 77(1), 1-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221799968_Childhood_Depression_Revisited_Indicators_Normative_Tests_and_Clinical_Course Dempsey, L., Murphy, K., Cooney, A., Casey, D., OShea, E., Devane, D., ... Hunter, A. (2014). Reminiscence in dementia: a concept analysis. Dementia, 13(2), 176-192. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1471301212456277 ENERENCZI, S. (2017). The further development of an active therapy in psychoanalysis'.Experimentation and Innovation in Psychotherapy, 10. Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(5), 427-440. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23459093 Lazar, A., Thompson, H., Demiris, G. (2014). A systematic review of the use of technology for reminiscence therapy.Health education behavior,41(1_suppl), 51S-61S. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274711 McFadden, G., Gillespie, M. (2014). Application of reminiscence therapy for dementia in practice.British Journal of Mental Health Nursing,3(6), 272-276. https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/application-of-reminiscence-therapy-for-dementia-in-practice(e6ac8e29-afa6-4396-bcde-066014f58975)/export.html Molinari, V., Cully, J. A., Kendjelic, E. M., Kunik, M. E. (2014). Reminiscence and its relationship to attachment and personality in geropsychiatric patients. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52(3), 173-184. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2190/AHUJ-GFUX-MW2J-AB1X Murakami, K., Jacobs, R. L. (2017). Connecting dots: Family Reminiscence. InMemory Practices and Learning(pp. 293-318). Information Age Publishing, incorporated. https://research.ku.dk/search/?pure=en/publications/connecting-dots(24c4bc37-d7dd-4ed7-b48a-1fc726f6d88b)/export.html Ngo, J., Holroyd-Leduc, J. M. (2014). Systematic review of recent dementia practice guidelines.Age and ageing,44(1), 25-33. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885392416312106 Patel, B., Perera, M., Pendleton, J., Richman, A., Majumdar, B. (2014). Psychosocial interventions for dementia: from evidence to practice.Advances in psychiatric treatment,20(5), 340-349. apt.rcpsych.org/content/20/5/340.full.pdf Patel, B., Perera, M., Pendleton, J., Richman, A., Majumdar, B. (2014). Psychosocial interventions for dementia: from evidence to practice.Advances in psychiatric treatment,20(5), 340-349. apt.rcpsych.org/content/20/5/340.full.pdf Ray, M. (2016). Creativity and the arts for older people living with depression. InMental Health and Older People(pp. 133-143). Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-29492-6_12 Schwartz, M., Abbott, A. (2017). Storytelling: A clinical application for undergraduatenursing students. Nurse Education in practice, 7(3), 181-186. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17689442 Shapiro, C. M., Kasem, H., Tewari, S. (2017). My music--a case of musical reminiscence diagnosed courtesy of the BBC. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 54(1), 88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1014310/ Sok, S. R. (2015). Effects of individual reminiscence therapy for older women living alone.International nursing review,62(4), 517-524. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/inr.12190/abstract

Pulp Fiction and religon essays

Pulp Fiction and religon essays Throughout the movie Pulp Fiction runs many ties to the Bible. Jules recites and later analyzes a passage from the Bible and which portion each person would represent. There is a character, Lance, who shares a strong likeness with Jesus. Lance is Vincents dealer that Vincent can get is euphoric feeling from, and later helps him to resurrect Mia Wallace. The stories themselves within the move also share similarities to those in the Bible . A strong theme throughout the instances with Jules and Vincent is the acknowledgement of God and his presence. In one of the most intense scenes in the movie, Jules and Vincent go to an apartment to retrieve a briefcase for Marcellus. What Jules and Vincent are picking up at the apartment is a briefcase for Marcellus. The camera never shows what is inside the briefcase, but is supposed to be the most beautiful thing everyone has seen. Any person who ends up looking at its contents becomes momentarily entranced by what they see, it is Marcellus soul. The briefcase must be unlocked with the code 666, which is the number of the beast (devil). The briefcase emits a glow as a soul would if it were materialized. In the Bible, when the devil takes a soul, he takes it from the back of a persons head. When we first see Marcellus in the movie, all that is shown is the back of his head with a large Band-Aid on it. Later we see that at the end of this scene, a person that was hiding in the bathroom comes out firing a hand cannon at Jules and Vincent. They look at the wall behind them and there are bullet-holes behind where they are standing. Vincent plays off the incident as though it werent a big deal, but Jules sees it as divine intervention. It is possible that God spared these two due to the fact that they are saving and holding onto a persons soul, just reason for divine intervention. ...

A Guide to Ethnomethodology

A Guide to Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology is the study of how people use social interaction to maintain an ongoing sense of reality in a situation. To gather data, ethnomethodologists rely on ​conversation analysis and a rigorous set of techniques for systematically observing and recording what happens when people interact in natural settings. It is an attempt to classify the actions people take when they are acting in groups.   Origins of Ethnomethodology Harold Garfinkel originally came up with the idea for ethnomethodology at jury duty. He wanted to explain how the people organized themselves into a jury. He was interested in how people act in particular social situations, especially ones outside of the daily norm like serving as a juror.   Examples of Ethnomethodology A conversation is a social process that requires certain things in order for participants to identify it as a conversation and keep it going. People look at each other, nod their heads in agreement, ask and respond to questions, etc. If these methods are not used correctly, the conversation breaks down and is replaced by another sort of social situation.

Senior Project - Team Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Senior Project - Team Contract - Essay Example The deadline for turning in the work should be set well before the final deadline so that any changes that need to be made can be accomplished. The best case scenario would be to see that all components are turned in at least two days before the deadline so that the work can be assessed for its value by all of the members of the team. By creating this deadline, the group can ensure that there is enough time for all aspects of the project to be perfected after evaluations by each member. If a member does not turn in their work by the team deadline it will give the team time to compensate for this problem. Lack of participation will be incorporated into the notes that will be made on the overall project and reported according to the guidelines that are provided for the project. Team leadership will be selected according to a group discussion. However, the best teams are not divided by leadership, but by responsibilities. Therefore, the team leader will have the responsibility of making sure that all aspects of the project are in on time, but will not be given the powers to rule over issues that occur during the project nor be given the power to veto aspects of the project. The goal will be to work as a team in such a way as to encourage the strengths of each team member and compensate for any weakness. The team leader will organize the details of the project, but will not have the power to control the project. This should be a collaborative effort, rather than ruled by a dictator. Section III In order to deal with team conflict, it will be necessary to put into place a way to negate any disagreements on how the team should progress towards its goals. Conflicts can occur due to a number of different problems that might arise during the project. Seeing the project through different ideas will be the first potential problem. A team vote on how to focus the project from the beginning will help to negate this potential problem. Making sure that all members are on boar d and agree on how the project should proceed will be the best way to prevent problems from the beginning. A second problem that might arise involves the issues of strengths and weaknesses. Before tasks are given to each of the members, it is important that each member identifies which parts of the project will give them the best opportunity to excel and which aspects are representatives of weaknesses. Creating a chart that identifies all tasks and allowing members to identify their strengths and weaknesses will assist in giving responsibilities and in balancing out where weaknesses are shown. The team agrees to handle all conflicts through mature and reasonable methods of communications. The team agrees that it will not argue, but discuss any disagreements on the project and that it will be necessary to sometimes deal with conflicts that arise. Through a recognition that the potential for a disagreement exists, it is clear that the project members are willing to work through any pr oblems that might come to light. As disagreements come to light, the differing sides of the problem will be discussed through breaking down each element of the disagreement, assessing which portions are similar and which elements require a decision or

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE EUTHANASIA by JAMES RACHELS (1941-2003) Essay

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE EUTHANASIA by JAMES RACHELS (1941-2003) - Essay Example Rachels also believed that the common arguments supporting passive euthanasia were invalid. Rachels uses several stories to illustrate his arguments, the most famous of which is the man murdering his six-year old cousin in the bathtub and letting him drown by doing nothing. I find that argument ridiculous because both examples are morally wrong—they are both murder, and the guy should be prosecuted in both situations. It is a very different situation than a doctor or family member allowing someone to die or participating in active euthanasia. I also find the Down’s syndrome examples unsatisfying. Rachels wrote his essay in the 1970s, and medical treatments for babies born with Down’s has greatly improved since then. My problem with Rachels’ arguments is that it is obvious that he does not believe in the sanctity of life. If he did, he might have felt differently about giving doctors the right and ability to euthanize their patients, although it is true that many doctors already do so, especially when patients are experiencing terrible pain. I do agree, however, that it is immoral for doctors to withdraw treatment when they decide that a patient should die, and that it is the same as active euthanasia. For these reasons, I do not find Rachels’ arguments compelling or

Legal Issues of ICT Use in the Construction Industry

Legal Issues of ICT Use in the Construction Industry Abstract While in the 21st century the construction industry prefers to conduct business using the information and communication technologies (ICT), the presence of legal issues pertaining to this mannerism of business cannot be ignored. The aim of this project is to provide a better understanding of these legal issues which are associated with their use. The objectives entailed to achieve this aim are to determine the existing legal issues and to estimate the awareness about them in the industry. The aim and objectives have been addressed by conducting two types of field investigations namely, questionnaires and interviews with lawyers, architects and engineers with different backgrounds. The project concludes with the identification of the legal issues present in the industry and an attempted comparison between the legal scenario in the U.K. and India. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Scope of the Research Almost a decade ago the information technology invaded our lives like never before. The advancement in information and communication technologies (ICT) and their utilisation has been tremendous with the recent years witnessing the development of several IT-based technologies such as e-commerce. Information technology solutions have paved a way to a new world of internet, business networking and e-banking, budding as a solution to reduce costs, change the sophisticated economic affairs to an easier, speedy, efficient, and time-saving method of transactions and exchange of information. Though the internet has emerged as a boon for the present pace of life yet at the same time it has also resulted in posing various threats to the consumers and other institutions for which it has till now proven to be the most beneficial. Various criminals have been able to pave their way to interfere with the internet accounts through various techniques like hacking the Domain Name Server (DNS), Internet Providers (IP) address, spoofing, phishing, internet phishing etc. and have been successful in gaining an unauthorised access to the users computer system thereby gaining enormous profits from the stolen data. These and other problems have forced the business community, the legal community and the law enforcers i.e. the government to look at the current legal scenario. These problems, therefore, need to be studied in detail by investigating legal issues pertaining to the construction industry. This study is an attempt at understanding the legalities which are related to the mannerism of conducting business while using ICT. As part of this study an effort will be directed towards comparing the legal stance of the United Kingdom and India. 1.2 Aim and Objectives The aim of this project is to provide a better understanding of the legal issues involved while using information and communication technologies (ICT) in the construction industry. To achieve this aim, the following objectives should be fulfilled during the course of this project:- To study the legal issues pertaining to e-commerce (for e.g. electronic contracts, digital signatures, etc.). To assess the importance of jurisdiction issues in cyberspace (for e.g. engaging in e-commerce on World Wide Web may expose the company to the risk of being sued in any state or foreign country; law applicable to contractual obligations, etc.) To study the various legal problems that can arise out of miscommunication between the client, consultants and contractors (court actions, out-of-court settlements of disputes, etc.) To study and compare the legal stance of India and the United Kingdom, in using the information and communication technologies in the construction industry. 1.3 Justification for the Research Computers and more importantly internet governs our lives to the kind of extent that we do not even realise its significance. Today companies, especially in the concerned area of construction, are conducting business by means of the latest advancements in information communication technologies. Bearing in mind the current flourishing e-commerce, it becomes quite easy to get embroiled in lawsuits. The reasons maybe several, for instance either there may be disputes between the client and the company; or there might be an issue with jurisdiction; or there may be concerns related to the security of level of exchange of information electronically. In most of the cases it can be assumed that there is a highlighted ignorance of the legal framework with respect to ICT, and this ignorance may be a deterrent in the popularity of conducting business in this manner. In lieu of these issues, I believe it becomes the need of the hour to undertake a study of this kind. 1.4 Methodology Outline Owing to the nature of the research project and its data, the research approach adopted is mostly quantitative. However, some aspects of qualitative research have also been incorporated. Source of information will be taken from journals and books. The method of collecting data for this research project has consisted of online questionnaires (surveys) and unstructured interviews. Case studies of previous lawsuits with respect to the topic have been studied. 1.5 Dissertation Contents The research project includes a detailed study into the methodology to be followed and also provides the justifications for the chosen methodology. The project also includes a literature review about the various legal issues which are related to the use of information communication technologies for conducting business in the construction industry. It sheds light on the some of the legal terms associated with the legal framework of e-business. The project report additionally contains with analysis and evaluation from the interviews conducted and the online questionnaire filled in by architects, engineers and lawyers. It supplies information on the â€Å"legal future† of using the various existing and upcoming information communication technologies in construction, providing an insight into the implications; the solutions available; the problems faced while conducting research; and manner in which ICT can be utilised for the growth of the construction industry worldwide. It concludes with summarisation of the research and recommendations and scope for further study on this research subject in the construction industry. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The intentional use of information technology by cyber-terrorists or cyber-criminals for producing destructive and harmful effects to tangible and intangible property of others is addressed as ‘cyber crime. Cyber crime is clearly an international problem with absolutely no national boundaries; hacking attacks can be launched from any corner of the world without even an iota of fear of being traced or prosecuted easily. A cyber-terrorist can collapse the economic structure of a country from a place where that country might not even have arrangements such as an extradition treaty to deal with that criminal. The only safeguards can be better technology; to combat such technology which is already well-known to the hackers; and to evolve stricter and tighter laws which can be accepted universally. 2.1.1 An introduction to the construction industry A maxim in India states, to live a comfortable life all one needs is three basic essentials- food, clothes and a house. This has held true across all civilisations and centuries. Building a house was just a first step. The world has advanced much further constructing palaces, forts, dams, skyscrapers, factories, energy-efficient buildings and lots more. In a world of today, the 21st century, the construction industry is an important sector of a nations economy; providing employment to millions; employed by countries across the world as an economy regulator! In U.K. alone, construction industry had an output of  £102.4 billion at current prices (2004); 8% of Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.). In the European Union the construction sector accounts for 9.9% of G.D.P. and 50% of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). Considering the scope and importance which the construction sector enjoys worldwide, it becomes quite easy to understand that this industry functions at an incredible level and involves working with many organisations. â€Å"The construction industry is frequently described as fragmented by its critics; however, disseminated would be a better description .For each construction project a whole new organization is created involving the client, designers, contractors, sub-contractors, material suppliers, plant hire companies, government, local authorities and agencies such as the environmental agency, Health and Safety Executive and many others. Each ‘new and ‘transient project organization is, in fact, a virtual organization or enterprise† (McCaffer, 2008). Communication, thus, becomes an important aspect of conducting a successful business in construction ensuring successful collaboration between the various components of the industry. 2.1.2 An introduction to e-business/e-commerce and e-construction With age time the concept and means of communication have also evolved. Earlier communication meant travelling to places near and far, then the concept of letters came and with the advent of telephone postage lost some of its significance. The world was however still is in store for more inventions and the 1940s took the world by storm as the computers were born. Computers and internet are a lethal combination, a form of communication which rules over our lives as much as eating food does. Every day, man makes new discoveries regarding these two, trying to find out how our day-to-day activities can be undertaken in an improved efficient manner. The term ‘electronic commerce (e-commerce) was coined by Lawrence Livermore in 1989. E-commerce is a consolidation of people, technology, materials and â€Å"the processes on an electronic network for commercial transactions† (Johnston et al, 1997, p 37). As specified by the European Commission (1997, cited in Bruin, 2002), electronic commerce is all about doing business electronically involving the electronic processing and transmission of data (which consists of data, text, sound and videos). It encompasses various activities consisting of electronic trading of goods and services, electronic share trading, on-line delivery of digital content, on-line sourcing, electronic fund transfers, direct consumer marketing, electronic bills of lading, commercial auctions, collaborative design and engineering, public procurement, and after-sales service (European Commission, 1997). To be speaking strictly its not really the electronic aspect of e-commerce but the digital part which imparts the revolutionary, efficient and versatile character to e-commerce (Johnston et al, 1997). E-commerce involves both the services; e.g. financial, information and legal services); and the products; e.g. consumer goods, specialised mechanical equipment. It also constitutes the combination of traditional activities such as education and healthcare and new activities such as virtual malls (European Commission, 1997). This is also agreed with by Johnston et al, 1997 who state that e-commerce supports the selling, buying and distribution of services and goods. Johnston et al (1997) while discussing the definition of electronic commerce noted that it involves the conduction of business electronically across the spectrum of inter-enterprise relationships. E-commerce has the advantages of being a paperless economy, engaging in outsourcing and entails the convergence of all information in a single form (Johnston et al, 1997). In this day and age e-business has emerged as a field of immense potential. The use of information and communication technologies to conduct business has gained momentum, and, like just about any other business the construction industry too has embraced the concept of e-business. â€Å"Strong information technology (IT) capabilities have been a competitive necessity in nearly every industry sector. The post-Latham (1994 and Egan (1998) era has seen many construction firms investing in technology tools to improve business performance, which subsequently led to an increase in technology investments in construction firms† (Ruikar et al., 2008, p 23). The use of information and communication technologies in construction, however, depends upon a number of factors such as the size of the construction firm, its position in the market, the markets that the company operates in etc. 2.1.3 Introduction to the legal problems in e-business Before jumpstarting onto the e-business wagon, a company should have some reasonably placed apprehensions. The question in front of the management of a company should be: whether conducting business using information and communication technologies is legally safe or not? Other questions should follow as well, such as: what is an e-contract? will the companys information be secure when shared through ICT? what are the liability issues? what are the jurisdiction issues? is a scanned document valid and legal? what is a digital signature, an e-signature? Questions such as above are justified because in actuality the companies are unaware of the legal risks involved while conducting e-business, hampering the chances of fruitful commerce. Sieber (2001) brings to light the need for new laws when he says that the increased significance of information and information technology is closely linked to increased potential dangers, and these dangers bring an increased necessity to reassess the existing information law regulations and to formulate new ones. Sieber (2001, p8) further makes this statement to back up the formulation of new information law regulations, â€Å"It must encourage- in the interest of communal justice (iustitia commutativa) and as a contribution to distributive justice (iustitia distributia)-the creation of new â€Å"information† values (e.g. by means of economic incentives in copyright law), ensure a just distribution of the newly created goods (e.g. through the regulation of rights to particular information), reduce the number of new risks stemming from information technology (in particular, by provisions in the area of liability, administrative law and criminal law)and ensure a just compensation in cases where harm is caused†. Exchange of information in construction and engineering based businesses is a universal occurrence but it is not accounted for by contractual practice. Insufficiently defined responsibilities, overlapping communication techniques and mistrust all hamper the fuller use of inter-enterprise ICT (Hassan et al). A major problem exists with the enforcement of electronic law. Particularly practical difficulties arise from the fact that data containing most of the information is available at the discretion of the recipient. As is the case electronic data is not actually visible and can be altered, deleted or hidden through manipulation of technology (Sieber, 2001). Data can also be encoded or encrypted by offenders to escape imprisonment. Several terrorist, bank robbers, paedophiles, etc have attempted to escape or have been able to escape by encrypting data. Encrypted data is data which has been converted into incomprehensible codes which can only be unlocked by using a key which only a holder of that matching key can reconvert them into plausible data. All in all there is clearly an urgent need to study and understand the legal issues involved while using information and communication technologies for conducting business. 2.2 Legal Aspects of using ICT When the concept of e-commerce as introduced it was greeted with hysteria which has now been replaced by a concern voiced by many over the impact of using ICT for business. The industry is now closely examining the after-effects of e-business business world (Ismail and Kamat, 2008). Hurtado and OConnor Jr (2009) deliberate on the contractual issues concerned with the use of construction Building Information Modeling. They explain that the legal community is struggling to help out in developing meaningful contract terms in relation to the use of BIM technology. In their paper for the Society of Construction Law, they have contemplated upon the issues to be considered when preparing contractual provisions, including the proposed use of the model; the mannerism of data transfer from one model into the other models; the deliverance schedule expected from the model; reliability of the modelled information; management of the modelling process; and usage of the model after the completion of construction. Some of the legal issues and terminology pertaining to the use of ICT for business purposes shall now be discussed. 2.2.1 Types of legal risks involved in e-business in construction Every new day is coloured with a new discovery; this holds as much truth for ICT as for any scientific discovery. The only drawback with ICT is that a new discovery brings along with it a new set of legal issues. These legal issues are a drawback because they take time for implementation and regulation; sometimes damage has already been done before any sufficient action can be taken. Ismail and Kamat (2008, p-212) correctly state, â€Å"The difference between the rates at which e-business technology develops to the rate at which legal framework and rules develop is substantial. Legal risks have not been studied in relation to construction e-business†. The legal risks discussed include risks posed by web-based agencies, risks related to jurisdiction; contract formation; authentication; electronic privacy and risks associated with intellectual property. These legal risks inflicting e-construction have been discussed as below: †¢ Insecurity regarding electronic privacy In the digital economy privacy claims have been of paramount concern. An issue forever causing concern amongst the construction and business community is the insecurity of their personal and private information which is exchanged and stored electronically. A popular, efficient and inexpensive means of information exchange and data transfer is the electronic mail systems, popularly known e-mails. While emails now incorporate information in various forms which includes photographs, typed memos, video clips, spreadsheets and bar codes; they are deemed to be as insecure as a postcard if they are not protected by encryption and elaborate password systems (Johnston et al, 1997). Construction companies involved in e-business will need to manage the risks associated with sharing private information; private information may refer to personal privacy concerns about their own firms (Ismail and Kamat, 2008, p214-215). â€Å"Online portals and marketplaces collect more information than is needed for legally authentically an e-contracting party† (Smith and Clarke, 2000). The information thus collected may be in the form of registration forms, cookies, etc. Though the question remains as to who owns this information, the risk associated is with the privacy being challenged. In case of hacking or a virus, the information may end up being passed onto a third party. †¢ Risk posed by the web-based agents Web-based agents are information brokers. A new brokerage model can substantially change the equilibrium and re-adjust the interests of existing stakeholders. Also, software agents pose the biggest and truly exclusive risk to the current legal system as pointed out by Ismail and Kamat (2008). Agents control decisions and they learn and act upon their perception of the environment to make the maximum goals of its user or programmer (Dzeng and Lin, 2004; Lee, 2004; Ren and Anumba, 2004). Agents act on behalf of their owners to promote the owners desires, unlike support software that supports the owner in making a decision but leave the decision for the owner to make (Schoop et al., 2003; Ren and Anumba, 2004). †¢ Risks related to electronic authentication When doing business via the electronic networks, it become increasingly difficult to establish the other partys trustworthiness without having physically met them, in other words doubts about authenticity are raised (Bruin, 2002). Smith Clarke (2000 cited in Ismail Kamat, 2008, p 216) debate authentication by stating, â€Å"The drive to authenticate e-business buyers and sellers and attribute contracting actions to the proper buyer and seller is in direct conflict with privacy laws†. Pacini et al (2002, quoted in Ismail and Kamat, 2008, p 216) support this statement when they say, â€Å"Attributing an electronic message for an offer or acceptance of an e-contract to the person who purports to send it is yet another risk†. The Uniform Electronic Transaction Act (UETA) addresses this risk from a legal perspective by making it necessary that certain authentication levels are acquired and thus proper authentication and attribution is ensured and a protection is provided to the e-business participants from the attack of hackers (Belgum, 1999; Moreau, 1999; Thelen Reid Priest LLP, 1999a; Pacini et al., 2002, cited in Ismail and Kamat, 2008). †¢ Risks inflicting electronic contracts Consider this scenario. Two parties engage in a negotiation for the purchase of cement for the construction of an institutional building. The seller offers it at say  £5 per kg and the buyer refuses and wants to buy it at say  £4 per kg and also wants the seller to bear the shipping cost. The seller agrees, transaction is completed, cement is shipped and the buyer transfers money into the sellers account. This sounds like a simple business contract; however, the difference here is that this contract has been formulated and fulfilled electronically (Johnston et al, 1997). In a commercial context, promises are exchanged in the form of an offer and an acceptance of the order. The offer and the acceptance supported with a valid consideration and mutual assent would, subject to certain limitations, constitute a valid contract. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) technology is an advanced form of cyber-contracting. EDI is conducted between trading partners who already have a negotiated agreement which rules the relationship. In this form of technology, the computers contact each other as well as negotiate (based on programmed instructions). If a reply which rejects the offer is received then a counter-offer is also made. This continues till an agreement is arrived at or one of the system stops the process (Johnston et al, 1997). However, in the e-business transactions, it is not an easy job to distinguish between the offer make and the acceptor. This is considered critical because a contract is considered to be invalid until an offer has been made and the acceptor has accepted the offer and communicated the same to the offer maker (Ismail and Kamat, 2008, p 213). Although the laws governing electronic contracts have improved significantly over the year, yet there is always scope for improvement because of the ever changing evolving nature of the communication technologies. Business risk and uncertainty are always on a high level in the electronic world. Legal difficulties in an e-contract arise when the parties expectations are not met with or when a transaction does not progress as planned. Bruin (2002, p 146) shed some light on TrustUK and explained that, â€Å"in July 1999, the Department of Trade and Industry published its Consumer White Paper Modern markets: Confident consumers..The White paper among other things contained plans for the approval of on-line codes of conduct by a new body provisionally called TrustUK†. Section 4 of TrustUK Code of Practice deals with the various aspects of e-contracts and its implications (liabilities included). †¢ Risks related to varying jurisdictions Jurisdiction is a legal term describing which law is in effect at a given period of time and which courts decisions will be legally binding. Jurisdiction issues arise when parties dispute over a contract and want to settle as to which jurisdiction will decide over the issue (Ismail and Kamat, 2008). The problem becomes more intimidating where the issue of e-commerce comes into picture. The internet simplifies the carrying out of business globally. But then different countries follow different laws, especially those with respect to construction and therefore, the risk of encountering lawsuits in foreign land increases. In an electronic contract it should be very clear as to what law applies to the contractual obligations, what court of law will be presiding over to judge any dispute arising from the contract (Bruin, 2002). As pointed out by Rowe (1998, cited in Ismail and Kamat, 2008) a dispute judged under varying set of regulations, laws and rules have as different judgement. â€Å"Although the laws regulating e-business vary, the general opinion of the courts implies that companies engaged in activities or online advertising may have to defend lawsuits in different jurisdictions if those activities violate the local laws†, Thelen Priest (1997 quoted in Ismail and Kamat, 2008, 213). The problem of jurisdiction exists becomes all the more relevant in the 21st century, now that there are so many countries existing worldwide and when global expansion has occurred in the business scenario with the arrival and explicit use of the information and communication technologies. However, there are quite a lot of countries which are at the moment unable to make any kind amendments in their legal framework on construction, especially where the amendments in law are concerned with e-construction. At the same time, it is good news that some governments are making changes to the construction law executed in their countries to make e-construction and e-business a more feasible and legally secure venture. However, the point to be noted here is that despite all the positive proceedings in the respective field, the possibility of two countries sharing the same law on e-commerce and that too in the construction sector are negligible. In a scenario where the choice of law is absent, legal uncertainty may arise regarding the application of law to an electronic contract (Bruin, 2002). This information clearly implies that risk attributed to varying jurisdiction remains. Bruin (2002, p42) clearly points out that in a specific case of â€Å"cross-border electronic consumer contracts, a court procedure may involve such difficulties that a contract term defining a foreign jurisdiction may de facto exclude or hinder the consumer to take legal action†. As a result the service provider also ends up providing an unfair contractual term. From the literature on jurisdiction which has been studied and mentioned here, it has been found that although there are quite a lot of provisions in legal frameworks of countries which address the jurisdiction issues, yet it would be beneficial to make changes and improvisations to these existing laws. 2 Brief description of some of the legal terms associated with the legal framework of e-business To understand the legalities involved in using information and communication technologies for business, one needs to be aware of some terms associated with the legal framework of e-business. In this section these common yet important terms shall be discussed briefly. Identification of the potential legal gaps and problems within the cluster projects issue 2, a report on the findings of Hassan et al, forms the main basis for defining these terms. The discussed terms are as follows:- †¢ Electronic / digital signatures Electronic and digital signatures allow the recipient of a piece of information to know when the information has arrived, who has sent it, and to check whether the information has been changed or tampered with since it was sent. Digital signatures are electronic codes specific to individual users, which can be used to identify the originator of a message or file, and to indicate approval of the transmitted information. There are different types of digital signatures available (i.e. public key infrastructure, asymmetric cryptography, account numbers and passwords), and the level of security that is required dictates the choice of method to be used. Digital signatures are easily to transport and all the more difficult to imitate by anyone else, and more importantly they can be automatically time-stamped. A digital signature is basically a unique ‘key that provides, if anything, stronger authentication than any written signature (Wacks, 2001). Asymmetric cryptosystem involves two keys, one public, the other private. Its main advantage is that if you are able to decrypt the message, you know that it could only have been created by the sender (Wacks, 2001) The Electronic Transaction Act 1999 (in Australia) gives legal recognition to the use of electronic signatures and one may find them useful in executing electronic contracts on your website. The risk of e-businesses dealing with parties which might misuse digital signatures is similar to the commercial risk of fraud that arises through forgery of signature on a paper contract. †¢ Here is an example which depicts the working of a digital signature. Assume that man named A has to the draft of a contract to his lawyer who at present is in another town. A wants to assure his lawyer that the information sent across has not been tampered with and it really is what he had sent. To ensure that, heres what A has do: †¢ Copy-and-paste the contract into an e-mail. †¢ Using specialised software, A obtains a message hash (mathematical summary) of the contract. †¢ A then uses a private key that he had previously obtained from a public-private key authority to encrypt the hash. †¢ This encrypted hash becomes As digital signature of the message. It is to be noted that the digital signature will be different each time a message has been sent. Now, how will As lawyer detect that this document is the same unchanged one that A had sent across to him? Heres what he will do: †¢ As lawyer makes a hash of the received email to ensure that the document is intact and has been sent by A only. †¢ As lawyer then makes use of As public key to decrypt the message hash or summary. †¢ The received email (document in this case) is considered authentic and valid if the hashes match. Thus we understand that using a digital signature is an easy and safe method to protect privacy of information. A digital signature consists of the concerned persons public key, his/her name and e-mail address, the expiry date of the public key, name of the company, serial number of the digital ID, and digital signature of the certification authority (Magalhaes, 2003). The fact that digital signature increase the security and ensure privacy is confirmed by Wacks (2001, p 80) when he states, â€Å"Blinding or blind and digital signature will significantly enhance the protection of privacy†. †¢ Digital notaries Digital notaries provide a time stamping service, thereby proving the existence of a piece of information at a particular time. These are often used in conjunction with an electronic / digital signature. Timestamping can ensure non-repudiation. Indeed, a digital signature is only legally binding if it was made when the users certificate was still valid, and a timestamp on a signature can prove this. Timestamping involves the following parties -client, timestamping authority (TSA) a verifier. Feather in 1999 expressed his opinion on digital notaries. He articulated that the purpose of a digital notary is to certify that a document as produced by a person is a true copy of that

Relational Database Concepts and Applications: Research Paper Essay

Introduction In order to successfully transition from our current paper and email based equipment request method to a completely paperless online system, we must build and implement a relational database. A relational database will allow us to store, filter, make changes to, and share of the data that is needed in our new online equipment ordering system. Relational Database Overview â€Å"Databases are a mean for storing information in such a way that information can be retrieved from it. In simplest terms, a relational database is one that presents information in tables with rows and columns.† â€Å"A table is referred to as a relation in the sense that it is a collection of objects of the same type (rows).† â€Å"Data in a table can be related according to common keys or concepts, and the ability to retrieve related data from a table is the basis for the term relational database.† â€Å"A Database Management System (DBMS) handles the way data is stored, maintained, and retrieved.† â€Å"In the case of a relational database, a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) performs these tasks. Oracle, 2014)† Why We Should Implement a Relational Database â€Å"Establishing a relational database management system is a great way to increase data integrity, efficiency, ask questions, sort and filter data, provide stronger security, and share information in one concise design which is very user friendly if developed correctly. Relational databases allow the ability to cross-reference data stored by the business and as a result provide a higher level of integrity.† â€Å"The key to success is in the  foundation of the database’s design.† â€Å"Relationships of data must be accurately assessed and once this connection is established, the rest falls into place rather smoothly. (Goessl, 2009)† Companies Using Relational Data Solution Barrodale Computing Services Ltd, a contractor of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, is an example of a company having success using relational data solutions. The company has a great deal of success with relational databases to include Object Relational Database Management Systems (ORDBMSs). â€Å" The company’s experience in using ORDBMS technology to provide solutions to six applications involving the management of complex data, ranging from integers and text strings to satellite imagery, 4D weather grids, and video.† â€Å"Some of the types of data that might be stored in a meteorological/oceanographic the data has a strong geospatial component, with each feature being localized in space and, optionally, in time. (Barrodale Computing Services Ltd., 2011)† Relational databases are everywhere from computer user accounts at any company using Microsoft’s Active directory service to control access control, to community based libraries who have to switched to electronic checkouts . â€Å"This is mainly due to its capacity to eliminate duplicated data, this also increases the degree of data integrity which helps management or employees make correct decisions based on the information they can extract.† â€Å"There are no worries about the same customer or employee record being duplicated because this is eliminated in the underlying design of the database.† â€Å"Updates are made quickly and everyone with access to the system can view these changes immediately.† â€Å"Decision makers find the aspect of data integrity to be one of the primary business advantages of the relational database. (Goessl, 2009)† Conclusion In conclusion, a relational database will enable our company to transition from our current paper and email based equipment request method to a completely paperless online system. The relational database will allow us to store, filter, make changes to, and share of the data that is needed in our new online equipment ordering system. References Barrodale Computing Services Ltd. (2011). Applications of Object Relational Database Management Systems at BCS. Retrieved from Barrodale Computing Services Ltd. (BCS): http://www.barrodale.com/docs/ORDBMS%20Applications%20at%20BCS.pdf Goessl, L. (2009, November 23). Business Advantages of a Relational Database. Retrieved from Inside Business 360: http://www.insidebusiness360.com/index.php/business-advantages-of-a-relational-database-15806/ Oracle. (2014). A Relational Database Overview. Retrieved from Java Tutorial: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/overview/database.html